A. 1. Pursuant to the provisions of this section, any grandparent of an unmarried minor child may seek and be granted reasonable visitation rights to the child which visitation rights may be independent of either parent of the child if: a. the district court deems it to be in the best interest of the child pursuant to subsection E of this section, and b. there is a showing of parental unfitness, or the grandparent has rebutted, by clear and convincing evidence, the presumption that the fit parent is acting in the best interests of the child by showing that the child would suffer harm or potential harm without the granting of visitation rights to the grandparent of the child, and c. the intact nuclear family has been disrupted in that one or more of the following conditions has occurred: (1) an action for divorce, separate maintenance or annulment involving the grandchild's parents is pending before the court, and the grandparent had a preexisting relationship with the child that predates the filing of the action for divorce, separate maintenance or annulment, (2) the grandchild's parents are divorced, separated under a judgment of separate maintenance, or have had their marriage annulled, (3) the grandchild's parent who is a child of the grandparent is deceased, and the grandparent had a preexisting relationship with the child that predates the death of the deceased parent unless the death of the mother was due to complications related to the birth of the child, (4) except as otherwise provided in subsection C or D of this section, legal custody of the grandchild has been given to a person other than the grandchild's parent, or the grandchild does not reside in the home of a parent of the child, (5) one of the grandchild's parents has had a felony conviction and been incarcerated in the Department of Corrections and the grandparent had a preexisting relationship with the child that predates the incarceration, (6) grandparent had custody of the grandchild, whether or not the grandparent had custody under a court order, and there exists a strong, continuous grandparental relationship between the grandparent and the child, (7) the grandchild's parent has deserted the other parent for more than one (1) year and there exists a strong, continuous grandparental relationship between the grandparent and the child, (8) except as otherwise provided in subsection D of this section, the grandchild's parents have never been married, are not residing in the same household and there exists a strong, continuous grandparental relationship between the grandparent and the child, or (9) except as otherwise provided by subsection D of this section, the parental rights of one or both parents of the child have been terminated, and the court determines that there is a strong, continuous relationship between the child and the parent of the person whose parental rights have been terminated. 2. The right of visitation to any grandparent of an unmarried minor child shall be granted only so far as that right is authorized and provided by order of the district court. B. Under no circumstances shall any judge grant the right of visitation to any grandparent if the child is a member of an intact nuclear family and both parents of the child object to the granting of visitation. C. If one natural parent is deceased and the surviving natural parent remarries, any subsequent adoption proceedings shall not terminate any preexisting court-granted grandparental rights belonging to the parents of the deceased natural parent unless the termination of visitation rights is ordered by the court having jurisdiction over the adoption after opportunity to be heard, and the court determines it to be in the best interest of the child. D. 1. If the child has been born out of wedlock and the parental rights of the father of the child have been terminated, the parents of the father of the child shall not have a right of visitation authorized by this section to the child unless: a. the father of the child has been judicially determined to be the father of the child, and b. the court determines that a previous grandparental relationship existed between the grandparent and the child. 2. If the child is born out of wedlock and the parental rights of the mother of the child have been terminated, the parents of the mother of the child shall not have a right of visitation authorized by this section to the child unless the court determines that a previous grandparental relationship existed between the grandparent and the child. 3. Except as otherwise provided by this section, the district court shall not grant to any grandparent of an unmarried minor child, visitation rights to that child: a. subsequent to the final order of adoption of the child; provided however, any subsequent adoption proceedings shall not terminate any prior court- granted grandparental visitation rights unless the termination of visitation rights is ordered by the court after opportunity to be heard and the district court determines it to be in the best interest of the child, or b. if the child had been placed for adoption prior to attaining six (6) months of age. E. 1. In determining the best interest of the minor child, the court shall consider and, if requested, shall make specific findings of fact related to the following factors: a. the needs of and importance to the child for a continuing preexisting relationship with the grandparent and the age and reasonable preference of the child pursuant to Section 113 of this title, b. the willingness of the grandparent or grandparents to encourage a close relationship between the child and the parent or parents, c. the length, quality and intimacy of the preexisting relationship between the child and the grandparent, d. the love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parent and child, e. the motivation and efforts of the grandparent to continue the preexisting relationship with the grandchild, f. the motivation of parent or parents denying visitation, g. the mental and physical health of the grandparent or grandparents, h. the mental and physical health of the child, i. the mental and physical health of the parent or parents, j. whether the child is in a permanent, stable, satisfactory family unit and environment, k. the moral fitness of the parties, l. the character and behavior of any other person who resides in or frequents the homes of the parties and such person's interactions with the child, m. the quantity of visitation time requested and the potential adverse impact the visitation will have on the customary activities of the child, and n. if both parents are dead, the benefit in maintaining the preexisting relationship. 2. For purposes of this subsection: a. "harm or potential harm" means a showing that without court-ordered visitation by the grandparent, the child's emotional, mental or physical well-being could reasonably or would be jeopardized, b. "intact nuclear family" means a family consisting of the married father and mother of the child, c. "parental unfitness" includes, but is not limited to, a showing that a parent of the child or a person residing with the parent: (1) has a chemical or alcohol dependency, for which treatment has not been sought or for which treatment has been unsuccessful, (2) has a history of violent behavior or domestic abuse, (3) has an emotional or mental illness that demonstrably impairs judgment or capacity to recognize reality or to control behavior, (4) has been shown to have failed to provide the child with proper care, guidance and support to the actual detriment of the child. The provisions of this division include, but are not limited to, parental indifference and parental influence on his or her child or lack thereof that exposes such child to unreasonable risk, or (5) demonstrates conduct or condition which renders him or her unable or unwilling to give a child reasonable parental care. Reasonable parental care requires, at a minimum, that the parent provides nurturing and protection adequate to meet the child's physical, emotional and mental health. The determination of parental unfitness pursuant to this subparagraph shall not be that which is equivalent for the termination of parental rights, and d. "preexisting relationship" means occurring or existing prior to the filing of the petition for grandparental visitation. F. 1. The district courts are vested with jurisdiction to issue orders granting grandparental visitation rights and to enforce visitation rights, upon the filing of a verified petition for visitation rights or enforcement thereof. Notice as ordered by the court shall be given to the person or parent having custody of the child. The venue of such action shall be in the court where there is an ongoing proceeding that involves the child, or if there is no ongoing proceeding, in the county of the residence of the child or parent. 2. When a grandparent of a child has been granted visitation rights pursuant to this section and those rights are unreasonably denied or otherwise unreasonably interfered with by any parent of the child, the grandparent may file with the court a motion for enforcement of visitation rights. Upon filing of the motion, the court shall set an initial hearing on the motion. At the initial hearing, the court shall direct mediation and set a hearing on the merits of the motion. 3. After completion of any mediation pursuant to paragraph 2 of this subsection, the mediator shall submit the record of mediation termination and a summary of the parties' agreement, if any, to the court. Upon receipt of the record of mediation termination, the court shall enter an order in accordance with the parties' agreement, if any. 4. Notice of a hearing pursuant to paragraph 2 or 3 of this subsection shall be given to the parties at their last-known address or as otherwise ordered by the court, at least ten (10) days prior to the date set by the court for hearing on the motion. Provided, the court may direct a shorter notice period if the court deems such shorter notice period to be appropriate under the circumstances. 5. Appearance at any court hearing pursuant to this subsection shall be a waiver of the notice requirements prior to such hearing. 6. If the court finds that visitation rights of the grandparent have been unreasonably denied or otherwise unreasonably interfered with by the parent, the court shall enter an order providing for one or more of the following: a. a specific visitation schedule, b. compensating visitation time for the visitation denied or otherwise interfered with, which time may be of the same type as the visitation denied or otherwise interfered with, including but not limited to holiday, weekday, weekend, summer, and may be at the convenience of the grandparent, c. posting of a bond, either cash or with sufficient sureties, conditioned upon compliance with the order granting visitation rights, or d. assessment of reasonable attorney fees, mediation costs, and court costs to enforce visitation rights against the parent. 7. If the court finds that the motion for enforcement of visitation rights has been unreasonably filed or pursued by the grandparent, the court may assess reasonable attorney fees, mediation costs, and court costs against the grandparent. G. In addition to any other remedy authorized by this section or otherwise provided by law, any party violating an order of the court made pursuant to this section, upon conviction thereof, shall be guilty of contempt of court. H. Any transportation costs or other costs arising from any visitation ordered pursuant to this section shall be paid by the grandparent or grandparents requesting such visitation. I. In any action for grandparental visitation pursuant to this section, the court may award attorney fees and costs, as the court deems equitable. J. For the purposes of this section, the term "grandparent" shall include "great-grandparent". R.L. 1910, § 4368. Amended by Laws 1971, c. 82, § 1, emerg. eff. April 26, 1971; Laws 1975, c. 185, § 1, emerg. eff. May 23, 1975; Laws 1978, c. 71, § 1; Laws 1981, c. 273, § 1; Laws 1984, c. 82, § 1, emerg. eff. April 4, 1984; Laws 1989, c. 211, § 1, eff. Nov. 1, 1989; Laws 1990, c. 206, § 1, emerg. eff. May 14, 1990; Laws 1996, c. 297, § 20, emerg. eff. June 10, 1996; Laws 1997, c. 389, § 19, eff. Nov. 1, 1997; Laws 1999, c. 383, § 1, eff. Nov. 1, 1999; Laws 2000, c. 246, § 1, eff. Nov. 1, 2000; Laws 2003, c. 268, § 1, eff. Nov. 1, 2003; Laws 2007, c. 102, § 1, emerg. eff. May 7, 2007; Laws 2008, c. 290, § 1, emerg. eff. June 2, 2008. Renumbered from § 5 of Title 10 by Laws 2009, c. 233, § 197, emerg. eff. May 21, 2009.
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