§ 239. Ownership and operation of vehicles; liability. 1. Definitions.\nWhenever used in this article, the following terms shall have the\nfollowing meanings:\n a. "Owner" means any person, corporation, partnership, firm, agency,\nassociation, lessor, or organization who at the time of the issuance of\na notice of violation in any city in which a vehicle is operated:\n (1) is the beneficial or equitable owner of such vehicle; or\n (2) has title to such vehicle; or\n (3) is the registrant or co-registrant of such vehicle which is\nregistered with the department of motor vehicles of this state or any\nother state, territory, district, province, nation or other\njurisdiction; or\n (4) uses such vehicle in its vehicle renting and/or leasing business;\nor\n (5) is an owner of such vehicle as defined by section one hundred\ntwenty-eight of this chapter or subdivision (a) of section twenty-one\nhundred one of this chapter.\n b. "Lessor" means any person, corporation, firm, partnership, agency,\nassociation or organization engaged in the business of renting or\nleasing vehicles to any lessee or bailee under a rental agreement, lease\nor otherwise, wherein the said lessee or bailee has the exclusive use of\nsaid vehicle for any period of time.\n c. "Lessee" means any person, corporation, firm, partnership, agency,\nassociation or organization that rents, bails, leases or contracts for\nthe use of one or more vehicles and has the exclusive use thereof for\nany period of time.\n d. "Vehicle" means a vehicle as defined in section one hundred\nfifty-nine of this chapter.\n e. "Operator" means any person, corporation, firm, partnership,\nagency, association, organization or lessee that uses or operates a\nvehicle with or without the permission of the owner, and an owner who\noperates his own vehicle.\n f. "Notice of violation" means a notice of violation as defined in\nsubdivision nine of section two hundred thirty-seven of this article,\nbut shall not be deemed to include a notice of liability issued pursuant\nto authorization set forth in articles ten, twenty-four, twenty-nine and\nthirty of this chapter, section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of\nthe public authorities law and sections sixteen-a, sixteen-b and\nsixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen\nhundred fifty to impose monetary liability on the owner of a vehicle for\nfailure of an operator thereof: to comply with traffic-control\nindications in violation of subdivision (d) of section eleven hundred\neleven of this chapter through the installation and operation of\ntraffic-control signal photo violation-monitoring systems, in accordance\nwith article twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply with certain\nposted maximum speed limits in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d),\n(f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this chapter through the\ninstallation and operation of photo speed violation monitoring systems,\nin accordance with article thirty of this chapter; or to comply with bus\nlane restrictions as defined by article twenty-four of this chapter\nthrough the installation and operation of bus lane photo devices, in\naccordance with article twenty-four of this chapter; or to comply with\ntoll collection regulations of certain public authorities through the\ninstallation and operation of photo-monitoring systems, in accordance\nwith the provisions of section two thousand nine hundred eighty-five of\nthe public authorities law and sections sixteen-a, sixteen-b and\nsixteen-c of chapter seven hundred seventy-four of the laws of nineteen\nhundred fifty; or to stop for a school bus displaying a red visual\nsignal in violation of section eleven hundred seventy-four of this\nchapter through the installation and operation of school bus photo\nviolation monitoring systems, in accordance with article twenty-nine of\nthis chapter; or to comply with certain posted maximum speed limits in\nviolation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g)
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